Elastomeric closures for containers used in the types of preparations defined in the general test chapter Injections 1 are made of materials obtained by vulcanization (cross–linking) polymerization, polyaddition, or polycondensation of macromolecular organic substances (elastomers). Closure formulations contain natural or synthetic elastomers and inorganic and organic additives to aid or control vulcanization, impart physical and chemical properties or color, or stabilize the closure formulation.

This chapter applies to closures formulated with natural or synthetic elastomeric substances. This chapter does not apply to closures made from silicone elastomer; however, it does apply to closures treated with silicone (e.g., Dimethicone, NF). When performing the tests in this chapter, it is not required that closures be treated with silicone, although there is no restriction prohibiting the use of siliconized closures.

The following comments relate solely to laminated or coated closures (e.g., PTFE or lacquer coatings). All Physicochemical Tests apply to the base elastomer of such closures. To obtain Physicochemical Tests results, the tests may be performed on uncoated or nonlaminated closures of the same elastomeric compound. The Functionality Tests apply to and are to be performed using the entire laminated or coated elastomeric closure. Biological Tests apply to both the lamination or coating material and to the base elastomer. Biological Tests may be performed on the coating separately from the base elastomer, or on the coated closure itself. For all of the tests in the chapter performed on any closure type, it is important to document the closure being tested, including a full description of the elastomer, and any lubrication, coating, laminations, or treatments applied.

This chapter states test limits for Type I and Type II elastomeric closures. Type I closures are those used for aqueous preparations. Type II closures are typically intended for nonaqueous preparations and are those which, having properties optimized for special uses, may not meet all requirements listed for Type I closures because of physical configuration, material of construction, or both. If a closure fails to meet one or more of the Type I test requirements, but still meets the Type II requirements for the test(s), the closure is assigned a final classification of Type II.

This chapter is intended as an initial screen to identify elastomeric closures that might be appropriate for use with injectable preparations on the basis of their biological compatibility, their aqueous extract physicochemical properties, and their functionality. All elastomeric closures suitable for use with injectable preparations comply with either Type I or Type II test limits. However, this specification is not intended to serve as the sole evaluation criteria for the selection of such closures.

The following closure evaluation requirements are beyond the scope of this chapter:

The manufacturer of the injectable product (the end user) must obtain from the closure supplier an assurance that the composition of the closure does not vary and that it is the same as that of the closure used during compatibility testing. When the supplier informs the end user of changes in the composition, compatibility testing must be repeated, totally or partly, depending on the nature of the changes. Closures must be properly stored, cleaned for removal of environmental contaminants and endotoxins, and sterilized prior to use in packaging injectable products.

Elastomeric closures are translucent or opaque and have no characteristic color, the latter depending on the additives used. They are homogeneous and practically free from flash and adventitious materials (e.g., fibers, foreign particles, and waste rubber.)

Closures are made of a wide variety of elastomeric materials and optional polymeric coatings. For this reason, it is beyond the scope of this chapter to specify identification tests that encompass all possible closure presentations. However, it is the responsibility of the closure supplier and the injectable product manufacturer (the end user) to verify the closure elastomeric formulation and any coating or laminate materials used according to suitable identification tests. Examples of some of the analytical test methodologies that may be used include specific gravity, percentage of ash analysis, sulfur content determination, FTIR-ATR test, thin-layer chromatography of an extract, UV absorption spectrophotometry of an extract, or IR absorption spectrophotometry of a pyrolysate.

Elastomeric closures shall conform to biological, physicochemical, and functionality requirements both as they are shipped by the closure supplier to the injectable product manufacturer (the end user), and in their final ready-to-use state by the end user.

For those elastomeric closures processed by the supplier prior to distribution to the end user, the supplier shall demonstrate compendial conformance of closures exposed to such processing and/or sterilization steps. Similarly, if elastomeric closures received by the end user are subsequently processed or sterilized, the end user is responsible for demonstrating the continued conformance of closures to compendial requirements subsequent to such processing and/or sterilization conditions (i.e., in their ready-to-use state). This is especially important if closures shall be exposed to processes or conditions that may significantly impact the biological, physicochemical, or functionality characteristics of the closure (e.g., gamma irradiation).

For closures that are normally lubricated (for example, siliconized) prior to use, it is permissible to perform physicochemical testing on nonlubricated closures in order to avoid potential method interference and/or difficulties in interpreting test results.

For laminated or coated closures (e.g., PTFE or lacquer coatings), physicochemical compendial tests apply to the noncoated base elastomer. In this case, suppliers are responsible for demonstrating physicochemical compendial compliance of the noncoated closure processed or treated in a manner simulating those conditions followed for coated closures prior to shipment to the end user. End users of coated closures are also responsible for demonstrating the continued physicochemical compendial conformance of the base, uncoated elastomer subsequent to processing or sterilization, in a manner simulating the end user's actual use conditions for the coated closures.

In all cases, it is appropriate to document all conditions of closure processing, pretreatment, sterilization or lubrication when reporting test results.

Two stages of testing are indicated. The first stage is the performance of an in vitro test procedure as described in general test chapter Biological Reactivity Tests, In Vitro 87. Materials that do not meet the requirements of the in vitro test are subjected to the second stage of testing, which is the performance of the in vivo tests, Systemic Injection Test and Intracutaneous Test, according to the procedures set forth in the general test chapter Biological Reactivity Tests, In Vivo 88. Materials that meet the requirements of the in vitro test are not required to undergo in vivo testing.

Type I and Type II closures must both conform to the requirements of either the in vitro or the in vivo biological reactivity tests. [note—Also see the general information chapter The Biocompatibility of Material Used in Drug Containers, Medical Devices, and Implants 1031.]

Preparation of Solution S

Preparation of Blank

Appearance of Solution (Turbidity/Opalescence and Color)

Determination of Turbidity (Opalescence)

Color Standard— Prepare a solution by diluting 6.0 mL of Matching Fluid O (see Color and Achromicity 631) with 94.0 mL of diluted hydrochloric acid.

Procedure— Use identical tubes made of colorless, transparent, neutral glass with a flat base and an internal diameter of 15 to 25 mm. Fill one tube to a depth of 40 mm with Solution S, and the second with Color Standard. Compare the liquids in diffuse daylight, viewing vertically against a white background.

Requirement— Solution S is not more intensely colored than the Color Standard

Acidity or Alkalinity

Bromothymol Blue Solution— Dissolve 50 mg of bromothymol blue in a mixture of 4 mL of 0.02 M sodium hydroxide and 20 mL of alcohol. Dilute with water to 100 mL.

Procedure— To 20 ml of Solution S add 0.1 ml of Bromothymol Blue Solution. If the solution is yellow, titrate with 0.01 N sodium hydroxide until a blue endpoint is reached. If the solution is blue, titrate with 0.01 N hydrochloric acid until a yellow endpoint is reached. If the solution is green, it is neutral and no titration is required.

Blank Correction— Test 20 mL of Blank similarly. Correct the results obtained for Solution S by subtracting the volume of titrant required for the Blank. (Reference Titrimetry 541.)

Requirement— Not more than 0.3 ml of 0.01 N sodium hydroxide produces a blue color, or not more than 0.8 ml of 0.01 N hydrochloric acid produces a yellow color, or no titration is required.

Absorbance

Procedure — [note—Perform this test within 5 hours of preparing Solution S.] Filter Solution S through a 0.45-µm pore size filter, discarding the first few mL of filtrate. Measure the absorbance of the filtrate at wavelengths between 220 and 360 nm in a 1-cm cell using the blank in a matched cell in the reference beam. If dilution of the filtrate is required before measurement of the absorbance, correct the test results for the dilution.

Requirement— The absorbances at these wavelengths do not exceed 0.2 for Type I closures or 4.0 for Type II closures.

Reducing Substances

Procedure— [note—Perform this test within 4 hours of preparing Solution S.] To 20.0 mL of Solution S add 1 mL of diluted sulfuric acid and 20.0 mL of 0.002 M potassium permanganate. Boil for 3 minutes. Cool, add 1 g of potassium iodide, and titrate immediately with 0.01 M sodium thiosulfate, using 0.25 mL of starch solution TS as the indicator. Perform a titration using 20.0 mL of blank and note the difference in volume of 0.01 M sodium thiosulfate required.

Requirement— The difference between the titration volumes is not greater than 3.0 mL for Type I closures and not greater than 7.0 mL for Type II closures.

Heavy Metals

Procedure— Proceed as directed for Method 1 under Heavy Metals 231. Prepare the Test Preparation using 10.0 mL of Solution S.

Requirement— Solution S contains not more than 2 ppm of heavy metals as lead.

Extractable Zinc

Test Solution— Prepare a Test Solution by diluting 10.0 mL of Solution S to 100 mL with 0.1N hydrochloric acid. Prepare a test blank similarly, using the Blank for Solution S.

Zinc Standard Solution— Prepare a solution (10 ppm Zn) by dissolving zinc sulfate in 0.1 N hydrochloric acid.

Reference Solutions— Prepare not fewer than 3 Reference Solutions by diluting the Zinc Standard Solution with 0.1 N hydrochloric acid. The concentrations of zinc in these Reference Solutions are to span the expected limit of the Test Solution.

Procedure— Use a suitable atomic absorption spectrophotometer (see Spectrophotometry and Light Scattering 851) equipped with a zinc hollow-cathode lamp and an air–acetylene flame. An alternative procedure such as an appropriately validated inductively coupled plasma analysis (ICP) may be used.

Requirement— Solution S contains not more than 5 ppm of extractable zinc.

Ammonium

Alkaline Potassium Tetraiodomercurate Solution— Prepare a 100 mL solution containing 11 g of potassium iodide and 15 g of mercuric iodide in water. Immediately before use, mix 1 volume of this solution with an equal volume of a 250 g per L solution of sodium hydroxide.

Test Solution— Dilute 5 mL of Solution S to 14 mL with water. Make alkaline if necessary by adding 1 N sodium hydroxide, and dilute with water to 15 mL. Add 0.3 mL of Alkaline Potassium Tetraiodomercurate Solution, and close the container.

Ammonium Standard Solution— Prepare a solution of ammonium chloride in water (1 ppm NH4). Mix 10 mL of the 1 ppm ammonium chloride solution with 5 mL water and 0.3 mL of Alkaline Potassium Tetraiodomercurate Solution. Close the container.

Requirement— After 5 minutes, any yellow color in the Test Solution is no darker than the Ammonium Standard Solution (no more than 2 ppm of NH4 in Solution S).

Volatile Sulfides

Procedure— Place closures, cut if necessary, with a total surface area of 20 ± 2 cm2 in a 100-mL flask, and add 50 mL of a 20 g per L citric acid solution. In the same manner and at the same time, prepare a control solution in a separate 100-mL flask by dissolving 0.154 mg of sodium sulfide in 50 mL of a 20 g per L citric acid solution. Place a piece of lead acetate paper over the mouth of each flask, and hold the paper in position by placing over it an inverted weighing bottle. Heat the flasks in an autoclave at 121 ± 2 for 30 minutes.

Requirement— Any black stain on the paper produced by Solution S is not more intense than that produced by the control solution.

Penetrability

Procedure— Fill 10 suitable vials to the nominal volume with water, fit the closures to be examined, and secure with a cap. Using a new hypodermic needle as described above for each closure, pierce the closure with the needle perpendicular to the surface.

Requirement— The force for piercing is no greater than 10 N (1 kgf) for each closure, determined with an accuracy of ± 0.25 N (25 gf).

Fragmentation

Closures for Liquid Preparations— Fill 12 clean vials with water to 4 mL less than the nominal capacity. Fit the closures to be examined, secure with a cap, and allow to stand for 16 hours.

Closures for Dry Preparations— Fit closures to be examined into 12 clean vials, and secure each with a cap.

Procedure— Using a hypodermic needle as described above fitted to a clean syringe, inject into each vial 1 mL of water while removing 1 mL of air. Repeat this procedure 4 times for each closure, piercing each time at a different site. Use a new needle for each closure, checking that it is not blunted during the test. Filter the total volume of liquid in all the vials through a single filter with a nominal pore size no greater than 0.5 µm. Count the rubber fragments on the surface of the filter visible to the naked eye.

Requirement— There are no more than 5 fragments visible. This limit is based on the assumption that fragments with a diameter >50 µm are visible to the naked eye. In case of doubt or dispute, the particles are examined microscopically to verify their nature and size.

Self-Sealing Capacity

Procedure— Fill 10 suitable vials with water to the nominal volume. Fit the closures that are to be examined, and cap. Using a new hypodermic needle as described above for each closure, pierce each closure 10 times, piercing each time at a different site. Immerse the 10 vials in a solution of 0.1% (1 g per L) methylene blue, and reduce the external pressure by 27 kPa for 10 minutes. Restore to atmospheric pressure, and leave the vials immersed for 30 minutes. Rinse the outside of the vials.

Requirement— None of the vials contain any trace of blue solution.